Niranjan Sengupta was born in Barisal in 1904. He was a revolutionary and a journalist.
In his student life he joined in Anushilan Samity and became a leader of the Barisal branch of Dhaka Anushilan Samiti. He got admission in Berhampore College for organising revolutionary group. He remained in jail for four years without treial before his final examination. After the congress sessioin he organised a group with young batches and engaged in preparing bombs and operate ammunition. He was arrested in Mechuabazar Bomb Case and while in Andaman jail he was attracted in Communism. .In 1929, he was one of the leaders who led to the formation of the neo-violence confederation.
Later he became a Marxist and joined the Indian Communist Party and took the vresponsibility of Trade Union of E.B.Railway..He was one of the seven members of an inner committee set up by the Indian Communist Party Politburo. He also had important role during the inner-party struggle of this communist party.He was elected as a member of Legislative Assembly of West Bengal in 1952 election. After the split in the Indian Communist Party, Niranjan remained with the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)). He also led the coalition ministry of West Bangla in 1967-71.
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